The Importance of Having Health Insurance Free Essay Example, 1750 words

But an additional cost is also imposed by the companies for such an option to be availed. On the other hand major medical insurance is a type of insurance in which the company guarantees to pay the expenses which are not even covered by the basic health insurance. In other words where basic health insurance fails to cope up, the major medical insurance takes over. In such type of insurance the coverage provided is not complete but on the other hand coinsurance payments and deductibles are provided. These coinsurance payments and deductibles help to lower the expenses of the policy holder. However certain conditions may be levied while these incentives are provided. For example the payment of services beyond basic health insurance would be lowered down to 20% of the whole cost whereas the rest 80 would be covered by the company itself. Moreover such a policy also includes the stop-loss provision which would make sure that the policyholder does not have to pay after reaching a certain limit. After reaching this limit the company would be liable to pay the total expenses. This shows that each different health insurance policy has its own plus points. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Having Health Insurance or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now A closer understanding of these health insurance methods can clearly tell a person which health insurance plan suits them the most and which plan to opt for. These plans relieve the financial burden that a person might fact when he may be exposed to sudden medical issues. Health insurance has also been taken up as an important part of governments. The governments to ensure the well being of the citizens have introduced many plans with regard to their health care. The health insurance plans of the government of United States will help to have a closer analysis and understanding of the importance of health insurance. The government sponsored plans in the United States can be divided into two categories, firstly the state plans and secondly the federal plans. The state plans are for work related mishaps and illness of the workers as per the state workers compensation law. And federal plans include schemes such as Medicare and Medicaid. The workers comp ensation was seen as a necessity in the early 1900s during the time in which the number of workers rose to a great extent. As work related accidents were more common in those days it was seen as a necessity by the government to introduce such plans. These laws come under the jurisdiction of states and thus it depends on the states solely as to which workers are provided with such insurance.

The Patriot Act The Laws Of Our Country - 2611 Words

The USA PATRIOT Act The laws of our country are very important to us and are what makes us unique from other nations. When something like the USA PATRIOT Act is passed, this law interferes with the privacy of citizens and contradicts our constitutional rights. The USA PATRIOT Act is one of the laws that has ignited a heated debate as many people criticize its abuse in implementation. The PATRIOT Act launched in 2001 as a reaction to the increased stress of terrorism attacks. The main purpose of the deed was to intercept the obstacles that made the process of detecting terrorist attacks difficult and slow. The Act gave the FBI the right to make urgent searches and arrests without having any arrest warrant or even a court order. This was to facilitate speedy action against suspects of terrorist acts. It is clear that the PATRIOT Act paved way for abuse of citizens’ rights of privacy and this was a full disregard for the constitution. The PATRIOT Act was launched in 2001 in the wake of terrorism as a way of aiding the government to respond promptly to the terrorist attacks. One of the provisions of the Act is that the FBI could conduct investigations with delayed search warrants and wiretap communications without the consent of the public. This allowed the FBI to view the houses of people they suspected to be involved with terrorism, investigate their bank accounts without even informing them prior to the deed. In summation, they could request for the information ofShow MoreRelated The Patriot Act Essay1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe Patriot Act After the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001 our country underwent a change that has drastically affected the fundamental values that our founding fathers instilled in this country. Since that tragic day in September the aftermath of the attacks has started to implicate our Civil Liberties that in this country we hold so dear. Just 45 days after the September 11 attacks, with virtually no debate, Congress passed the USA Patriot Act on October 5th, 2001. This act expandedRead MorePrison1287 Words   |  6 PagesUSA Patriot Act (2001) University of phoenix Legal issues in justice and security AJS 522 Kim Tandy July 15, 2013 USA Patriot Act (2001) On September 11, 2001 19 Al-Queda members attacked New York and Washington D.C. by hijacking four passenger airliners. Two of the airplanes American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines 175 were crashed into the north and south towers of the World Trade Centers in New York City. American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon which collapsed theRead MoreThe Patriot Act; Agree of Disagree877 Words   |  4 PagesThe Patriot Act: Agree or Disagree Amanda Collier ENG/215 August 27, 2012 Bruce Massis The Patriot Act: Agree or Disagree President George W. Bush signed into law on October 26, 2001 The USA PATRIOT Act. The title of the Act is a letter acronym: Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (PUBLIC LAW 107–56—OCT. 26, 2001) This Act was written to prevent and punish terrorist acts here in the United States as wellRead MoreUsa Patriot Act Of 2001917 Words   |  4 PagesUSA Patriot Act of 2001 In 2001, George W. Bush signed a law to provided tools to catch and prevent terrorism. It was called the USA Patriot Act of 2001. It was George W. Bush’s response to the terrorist attack that took place in September 11, 2001 in New York and Pentagon. The Law ensured security and safety for the citizens but it also violated individual right. The law took a lot of criticism because it violated constitutional right, and it created problems between individual right perspectiveRead More The War on Terrorism is an Attack on American Civil Liberties835 Words   |  4 PagesAttack on American Civil Liberties After the attacks on 9/11 our country has been forced to confront the issue of terrorism.   The war on terrorism has ignited a war on our civil liberties.   Our civil liberties have been affected by the passing of the Patriot Act, the violation of privacy, and an increase in racial profiling. Civil liberties have been affected immensely by the Patriot Act.   A brief definition of the Patriot Act is; uniting and strengthening America by providing appropriate toolsRead MoreThe Patriot Act Of 2001 Essay1224 Words   |  5 Pageseye our lives in America changed forever. We were attacked, on our own soil, not once, but four times. That fourth plane didn’t make it to its destination, thanks to the brave souls aboard that sacrificed their lives to save others. On that fateful day 2,753(NYmag) families would never be the same, as well as the rest of us that watch in disbelief. The attacks on September 11th 2001 led to something called the Patriot Act. In the days after 9/11 Congress hurried to pass a bill to give law-enforcementRead MoreThe Hijacked American Airlines Flight 111459 Words   |  6 Pages9/11, Attorney General Ashcroft gave instructions to a dozen of law makers and advisors on his staff to research a new antiterrorism law package. Assistant Attorney Ge neral Viet Dinh told the group that â€Å"all that is necessary for law enforcement, within the bounds of the constitution, to discharge the obligation to fight this war on terror.† The result would be the Patriot Act. (Stefoff, 2011 p. 13) What is the Patriot Act? The Patriot Act was passed to unite and strengthen America by providing appropriateRead More The Patriot Act Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe Patriot Act In the wake of September 11, many things happened very quickly. Along with the beginning of a war against terrorism, an act was passed to help prevent future terrorism in the USA. The name of this is the USA Patriot Act. The act legalizes many surveillance techniques that were once prohibited. The act has been passed without debate, and the new privileges given to our government have not been thoroughly examined. The law enforcers of our country are now capable of monitoringRead MoreThe Patriot Act And The United States1376 Words   |  6 Pageshappening again. Consequently, an act known as the USA PATRIOT act was passed by Congress. This act opened up many doors previously closed to law enforcement and intelligence agencies. With these new opportunities available to them, they have the capability to obtain information about specific individuals believed to be involved in terrorist activities and organizations. Very beneficial to the United States, the Patriot Act provides easi er access for different government law enforcement agencies to shareRead MoreImpact of the Usa Patriot Act on Local Law Enforcement1282 Words   |  6 PagesUSA Patriot Act on Local Law Enforcement Teddilane Turner PSF8200 Advanced Research in Public Safety Issues, Theory, and Concepts This paper presents the topic selected for the final Public Safety Case Analysis Project, an overview of the USA Patriot Act, its impact on local law enforcement, and the potential for net widening. Congress reacted to the violation to our country on September 11, 2001 by passing the USA Patriot Act into law on October 26, 2001. (USA Patriot Act, 2001)

Theory of Communication Free Essays

Case Study Theory of Communication Introduction to Communication Good communication and interpersonal skills are vital for success in business. The ability to communicate clearly and persuasively is often seen as the key characteristic of the effective manager or administrator. High level communication skills are also essential in specialised functions, such as marketing, human resource management, public relations and secretarial. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now Communication is the means by which individual employees convey their wants, ideas and feelings to others,( not only managers or specialists). Process of Communication Context Medium/Channel Message Feedback Noise Communication can be defined as the process by which, ideas, information, opinions, attitude, and feeling are conveyed from one person to another. The communicator or sender is the person who initiates the conversation by sending a message. The receiver is the person who receives the messages and completes the communication by responding to it. Most communication is two way and has to have both a sender and receiver, either face to face or by other means such as telephone, letters, e-mails etc. Body language also plays a big part in communication. Sender Encoding Receiver Decoding Communication codes * Written language * Spoken language * Dress * Body language * Pictures, photographs and graphic illustrations. * Sign language, Braille. * Numbers * Computer language Communication Medium The medium is the means used to transmit the message. Media can be categorised into five headings; written, oral, visual, electronic and mass. Written media can provide a written record, can relay complex information, can be carefully thought out and mistakes can be edited. It takes time to produce and is more impersonal than speech. * Letter * Report * Memo * Press Release * Company magazine Advertising leaflet Oral media is more direct and personal, feedback is immediate. Oral media can be supported by body language. But there may be no record of what is said and if you say something you don’t mean you cannot take it back. * Conversation face to face or telephone * Interview * Meeting * Presentation * Oral briefing Visual media can have an immediate im pact, it can support verbal presentations. * Nonverbal * Diagrams * Charts * Photographs * Models Electronic media provides fast communication over long distance, can carry both verbal and visual information. * Video * Telephone * E-mail * Internet Mass media is an important source of information; it can reach a large number of people and can be used for advertising. * Television * Radio * Press * Film Channels of Communication The channel is the air that carries sound waves between speaker and listener such as: * Television channels * Radio * Postal system * Computer networks * Courier services * Telephone Barriers to Communication Effective communication is difficult and mistakes are often made. We see this in everyday life, we complain when someone doesn’t respond to our messages in the way we expect, they do not understand what we really meant to say. In business, difficulties with communication can cause disruption. Good business opportunities can be lost or disastrous management decisions made. A serious breakdown in communication can put the very future of a company at risk. Communication errors can never be completely eliminated. Nevertheless, we are likely to be more successful communicators if we are aware of the factors that cause communication to fail. Some obstacles stand in the way of communication and some of these can be avoided or overcome. Physical Barriers Among these barriers are poor hearing or eyesight, illness, tiredness, or stress. Other barriers can be, distractions such as an office that is too warm or too cold, uncomfortable seating, poor telephone connection or the noise of traffic heard from outside. If a person has a medical problem this may be sorted by a visit to a doctor. If the office is too hot or too cold the thermostat may be altered and maybe closing the window would help to block out the noise. Language Barriers To convey a message correctly it should be written clearly in a language that the receiver will understand. Mistakes in spelling can harm communication. Sometimes local jargon can disrupt good communication; it may be acceptable in a specialised trade or profession. Slang or local accents may be difficult for outsiders to understand. Nonverbal Barriers Facial expression, posture and eye movement all reveal our feelings and attitudes to the receiver. When there is conflict between a verbal and non verbal signal, it is the nonverbal signal that tends to be believed. A person may say that they are outgoing and confident but this might be contradicted by nervous body language. Poor Listening Good listening is often the most important part of communication. Listening give us a better understanding of the other persons point of view, maintains friendships and helps business collaboration. When not listening properly, we often miss an important point in a conversation. Problems with Perception Perception is how we make sense of ourselves and the world around us. We perceive the world through the senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell. We also have some physiological based perceptions such as sensation of pain, heat, cold etc. We have mental perceptions such as thoughts, daydreams and fantasies. The brain registers these different stimuli and organises them into shapes and patterns that we can understand. Mistakes can arise if we think other people perceive things the same way that we do ourselves. Often they don’t and this is a common cause of communication failure. Attitudinal Barriers Stereotyping, prejudice and unwanted attribution are among the attitudinal barriers that can do the most damage to our ability to our ability to relate effectively to others. * Stereotyping: We stereotype other people when we assume they will behave in a certain way just because of their appearance, role or a particular social group. We may be surprised to find that conservatively dressed people have radical views or that the big person wearing a studded jacket and driving a Harley Davidson turns out to be as gentle as a lamb. Judging by appearance gives an incomplete and often distorted picture of what a person is really like. * Prejudice: Prejudice is an attitude of hostility based on faulty generalisations, such as stereotypes. It may be directed at individuals or groups. Prejudice can be damaging to communications if a person believes that another person is inferior, subversive, threatening, not fully part of the community and so on. If we consider another person less than ourselves, we are unlikely to value what they have to say. Prejudice is often a part of ignorance but maybe better education will improve this. * Attribution:Even when we avoid stereotyping, we still make the mistake of judging people on flimsy evidence. We should not listen to what other people say, this can sometimes be misleading. Having an accurate picture of people is vital for effective communication, but it is something that can only be built up slowly through time, insight and regular contact. The Principles of Effective Communication As a Communicator 1. Think carefully about your objectives before communicating. What do you want to achieve? Do you want to inform, persuade, advise or consult the receiver? What kind of response do you hope to get? When you have answered questions like these then you can think about the content of the message and how you define it. 2. Put yourself in the communicator’s shoes. The receiver’s perception may not be the same as yours. They may think differently or have different opinions. You may need to communicate with tact and sensitivity. 3. Choose the right medium or combination of media. Difficulties can arise if the wrong medium is used. If you try to describe a complicated process by speech alone the audience may not understand it. A combination of words and graphics may work better. 4. Organise your ideas and express them carefully. Take time to structure your ideas in a logical sequence. When choosing your words, take into consideration the receivers understanding and linguistic ability. Try to use words that the receiver will understand. Use language suitable to the communication taking place, informal language that may be used on the shop floor may not be suitable or appropriate for a business meeting. 5. Consider the context, breakdowns in communication often occur because the receiver is given information at the wrong time or place. Even important messages can be forgotten if the receiver is busy or preoccupied with something else. 6. Check for feedback, make sure your message has been received and understood. When speaking face to face look for signs of puzzlement in your listeners, be prepared to explain if necessary. Although the main responsibility for communicating a message rests with the sender, the receiver also has to listen and make sure they understand and relay the message to the right person. As a Receiver 1. Give the message your full attention. Many messages are misunderstood because the receiver is not concentrating, they are daydreaming, or there are too many distractions. 2. Interpret the message correctly. This requires effort and proper listening, if you are unsure of what is said; ask for it to be repeated. Check the meaning of unfamiliar words or references. In spoken communication listen actively and with empathy. Be alert for nuances that may subtly alter the meaning of the message. 3. Keep an open mind, you should not allow dislike of the communicator, or disagreement with their beliefs to influence your judgement. Make an objective assessment of the message no matter what your relationship with the sender. 4. Record information you are likely to forget. You should write down any information you are likely to forget such as, telephone numbers, names, dates etc. The information should be recorded properly in a secure place, not on a scrap of paper that can get lost among other papers on a busy desk. 5. Respond appropriately to the communicator by providing feedback, following up enquiries or whatever action is necessary. How to cite Theory of Communication, Essay examples

Clinical Psychology and Gerontology Vaccination Against Measles

Question: Describe about the Clinical Psychology and Gerontology for Vaccination Against Measles. Answer: 1. It has been found from the paper of Ozawa et al., (2014) that almost all the children receive vaccination against measles, diphtheria, polio but very few adults attempt for vaccination for protection against pneumococcal and influenza disease despite they have the potential to save or reduce their sufferings. The literature review shows slow adoption of the vaccines in the elderly. SteelFisher et al., (2015) highlighted that in Singapore the schedule of vaccination for adults is not offered comprehensively when compared to other countries such as Australia, Europe, and the United States. Therefore, several studies have been conducted to understand the reasons for slow adoption of vaccines in the elderly. Ang et al., (2013) believes that the importance of the vaccinations in enhancing the immune system of aging is unknown to many. There is a lack of awareness about the ability to protect against infections even in chronically ill patients. Currently, MOH recommends adult vaccines for people in high-risk groups or severe chronic illness to protect against Influenza and Pneumonia. In spite of the newly set national guidelines very few adults are vaccinated. According to the specialist of infectious disease, Mr. DrLeong Hoe Nam at Mount Elizabeth Novena Specialist Centre the slow adoption of vaccines in the elderly is due to lack of awareness among health care providers, patients and their families (Low et al., 2015). Studies conducted by Eng et al., (2014) showed that few proportion of patient are aware of the fact that influenza leads to death in individuals who are already suffering from other diseases such as Diabetes, Asthma, lung disease as well as those with weakened immune system . There is also the lack of awareness that the recent tetanus vaccine, which includes a booster for a whooping cough, renders protection to the adults as well as their grandchildren. There is varying rate of effectiveness for the adult vaccines unlike children vaccines, which are found to be 100% effective for polio and measles. The shots for pneumonia and flu are not successful which another reason for lagging adult immunization rates. In 2014, the rate of infection by flu reduced by only 19% after receiving flu vaccines in Singapore, which made difficult to persuade the older adults to get vaccinated (Ang et al., 2015). In addition, many physician dot not recommend vaccines more often or incorporate them into routine care and many physicians do not consider vaccinations a priority for adults (Tan et al., 2016). According to Tomczyk et al., (2014) new vaccine pricing owing to its complexity is leading to medical, scientific and public health ramifications. This pricing system has slowed down the adoption of the vaccination, as such vaccines do not reach the market to their full potential. The cost of one influenza jab is $35, and that about pneumococcal vaccine is about $80 in privatized health clinics. The high cost is the biggest hurdle for the care providers and patients. The shelf life of shingles vaccine is very short which makes its storage difficult in personal offices of physicians and therefore patients themselves has to get it from health clinics or pharmacy. Consequently, this extra step deters patients (Fatha Goh, 2014). The private insurances cover vaccines in addition to preventive services, but then the same deal is not applicable in the case of Medisave or Medicare where in one part the Flu and pneumonia shots are free, but shingles and tetanus vaccines may be covered in other part or require the copayment. In Singapore, Medisave does not pay for vaccinations (Tan et al., 2016). There is a need of enhanced effort to strengthen these areas to improve the speed of vaccine adoption among the elderly and prevent life-threatening ailments. The government of Singapore must develop measures and policies for improvement in vaccination programs for adults. 2. Vaccination is the cornerstone to control infectious disease and reduce the rate of mortality and morbidity. Since Singapore is a compact city, it is easy to administer vaccines to the large population quickly with systematic and good monitoring of adverse consequences. Singapore can improve adult vaccination in elderly by various ways, which are discussed in subsequent sections. Thein et al., (2013) Stated that there is an increase in efforts from the doctor to introduce more vaccines for the adults in Singapore. Currently, MOH recommends adult vaccines for people in high-risk groups or severe chronic illness to protect against Influenza and Pneumonia. Public hospitals should start programs to increase the adult vaccine rates. In addition, Singapore can implement pre-discharge vaccination as a standard of care similar to US and Canada (Natarajan Shankar, 2015). In every hospital, a significant proportion of inpatients suffer from conditions, which demands them to be immunized against chronic diseases. Therefore, offering these vaccines to them before the discharge would be a good opportunity. The patients on the other hand can lump the cost of vaccination within the hospital bill. The MOH should ensure the viability of paying for vaccinations using Medisave. It will reduce the cash outlay for the patients. Hospitals must hold "annual vaccination exercise" f or the patient who has undergone Kidney transplantation. This has been found to be successful in UK in immunizing 89% of the patients with Kidney disease against pneumococcal, hepatitis and influenza disease (Thein et al., 2013). Since these patients are immunocompromised, such interventions are helpful to reduce long-term complications. Vaccination education programs should target adult population to create awareness about how aging drops the immunity, the level of risks and complexity associated with infections after the age of 50 years. There is a need to educate about the deadly "lockjaw" condition caused when not immunized against tetanus. That may increase the immunization rates of tetanus (Nguyen et al., 2015). The education programs should target at promoting health changing behavior in elders by enhancing self-efficacy and motivation. It is essential to increase the awareness in elderly about the need to take preventive health steps by updating them about the recommended vaccines and the terrible condition, which can be prevented (Natarajan Shankar, 2015). Physicians should be instructed to strictly follow the national guidelines that should mandate them to recommend vaccines to all the older patients with weakened immunity. These will increase the awareness and adoption of vaccines by older patients. The M OH in Singapore can implement a multifaceted quality improvement initiative in all the health organisations to increase the prescription of the influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in elderly and diabetics. Since such methods have shown improvements in some health institutes, it appears to be effective. However, there is a need for measures to evaluate its sustainability and applicability in all the primary care settings as well as safe reporting system (Tomczyk et al., 2014). According to Nguyen et al., (2015) this method in Singapore have increased the influenza vaccination from 9% to 47.1% and Pneumococcal Vaccine from 6% to 47.1% in a 5-month period. Singapore government can offer drive-through flu shots to the patients in their cars, or the Uber service providers can use a cell phone app to allow the customers to get free vaccines (Said et al., 2013). There is need of implementing e-health technology in Singapore owing to it multifunctional benefits. The health systems can identify the seniors who are in urgent need of vaccination through a quick search of electronic health records. Providing telehealth services is more advantageous as it brings care into a home (Bonten et al., 2015). According to Muhammad et al., (2013) the best way to increase the speed of the immunization in elderly is by engaging every staff in health organization right from the front office to back office in vaccinations. This is an effective method, as it does not lay the entire burden only on the physicians. The policy maker should incorporate training programs for health care professionals to provide intense care to the older patients. It must develop pilot community-based care services for older patients. The MOH must implement policy-directed program evaluation and National Seniors framework for improving the vaccination rate (Ang et al., 2013). Further, the insurers, payers, policymakers should make enhanced efforts to improve adult vaccination coverage rates. According to the theory of generativity by Erik Erikson, older people must expand their care beyond oneself (Ozawa et al., 2014). They should pass their wisdom and knowledge towards other in broader societal contexts to promote better health. Therefore, the community programs or service centres in Singapore must implement similar theories and concepts. The stakeholders must be presented with the data of the deaths due to lack of immunization in elderly to promote such programs in hospital and communities. The supporting evidenc e should be based on randomized control trials and other studies. The stakeholders and the health authority must collaborate internationally to implement vaccination success strategies of other countries such as Canada, US in Singapore (Bonten et al., 2015). 3. Pneumococcal disease is third leading cause of death associated with infection in children as well as in adult in Singapore (Thein et al., 2013). In Singapore, there were 380 cases of invasive pneumococcal disease per year during 2000-2008. More than 50% of them were older patients with 21% of fatality rate. However, in the year 2014, the number decreased to 164. Patients above 65 years of age are highly susceptible to this invasive disease. Vaccination is the cornerstone to control infectious disease and reduce the rate of mortality and morbidity. A pneumococcal vaccine has a potential to prevent life-threatening ailments and can prevent the global health problem. However, there is a slow adoption of pneumococcal vaccine in elderly in Singapore (Tan et al., 2016). Pneumococcal vaccine is vital for the older patient both at individual and at the community level because of deadly complications associated with the infection once developed (Muhammad et al., 2013). The causative organism of this disease is Streptococcus pneumonia, and its pathogenicity is mainly due to capsular polysaccharides. It can be manifested as- Bacteraemia- characterized with non-specific signs of illness and high fever Meningitis- presents with a severe headache, fever, stiffness of neck, nausea,vomiting, and pain when exposed to bright light Bacteremic pneumonia- is presented with rapid breathing, chills, cough, fever and chest pain (Said et al., 2013) There are several complication due to pneumococcal pneumonia such as lung abscess and pericarditis, pneumococcal meningitis leads to significant learning disabilities, paralysis, speech delays and even death (SteelFisher et al., 2015). Lack of pneumococcal immunization may kill a huge number of people owing to the slow adoption of this vaccine. The vaccine is necessary both at individual and community level due to its transition from asymptomatic carriage to invasive form. It is highly infectious and can quickly spread to various parts of the body such as lungs, middle ear, blood, coverings of the brain and spinal cord. It can spread from person to person through direct contact or droplets from an infected person while coughing or sneezing or articles contaminated that with infected droplets (Tomczyk et al., 2014). This implies the safeguard against this deadly disease both at the individual and at a community level. Infection to one person can reach a hundred others and increase the death and disability rate. However, effective intervention can stop the invasive chain of infection. Untreated patients can suffer septic shock, acute respiratory failure, multiorgan failure, and within several days can lead to death after its onset (Ozawa et al., 2014). The rationale for highly targeting elderly population (above 65 years) for this intervention is their weakened immunity and fragility. Older people with diabetes, lung disease are highly prone to this disease. The other risk factors in older adults that facilitate the development of the disease include chronic heart disease, alcohol consumption, smoking, and previous hospitalization for pneumonia. Singapore has been reported with increasing elderly population and hence decreasing pneumococcal disease is an important priority. Across the world the incidence of pneumococcal disease increases with age and the mortality is disproportionately high in an older group of population (Natarajan Shankar, 2015). Also, there is an increase antibiotic resistance among various strains of S. pneumonia, and these are highly found to infect older patients with comorbidities (Fatha et al., 2014). In conclusion, there is a need for herd immunity to eliminate or minimize the death due to PD. The Health Sciences Authority (Singapore regulatory body) has approved the use of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) and PCV13 for the prevention of PD in adults (Tan et al., 2016). The former is highly effective for patient above 65 years of age and with comorbidities. However, a combination of both is best for high-risk adults. References Ang, L. W., Cutter, J., James, L., Goh, K. T. (2013). Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection among adults in Singapore: a 12-year review.Vaccine,32(1), 103-110. Ang, L. W., James, L., Goh, K. T. (2015). Prevalence of diphtheria and tetanus antibodies among adults in Singapore: a national serological study to identify most susceptible population groups.Journal of Public Health, fdv011. Ang, L. W., Tey, S. H., Cutter, J., James, L., Goh, K. T. (2013). Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among children and adolescents in Singapore, 20082010.Journal of medical virology,85(4), 583-588. Bonten, M. J., Huijts, S. M., Bolkenbaas, M., Webber, C., Patterson, S., Gault, S., ... Patton, M. (2015). Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine against pneumococcal pneumonia in adults.New England Journal of Medicine,372(12), 1114-1125. Eng, P., Lim, L. H., Loo, C. M., Low, J. A., Tan, C., Tan, E. K., ... Setia, S. (2014). Role of pneumococcal vaccination in prevention of pneumococcal disease among adults in Singapore.International journal of general medicine,7, 179. Fatha, N., Ang, L. W., Goh, K. T. (2014). Changing seroprevalence of varicella zoster virus infection in a tropical city state, Singapore.International Journal of Infectious Diseases,22, 73-77. Low, S. L., Lam, S., Wong, W. Y., Teo, D., Ng, L. C., Tan, L. K. (2015). Dengue seroprevalence of healthy adults in Singapore: serosurvey among blood donors, 2009.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 14-0671. Muhammad, R. D., Oza-Frank, R., Zell, E., Link-Gelles, R., Narayan, K. V., Schaffner, W., ... Harrison, L. H. (2013). Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease among high-risk adults since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for children.Clinical Infectious Diseases,56(5), e59-e67. Natarajan, V. S., Shankar, B. H. (2015). Challenges in the Management of Pneumococcal Disease in Older Adults.The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India,63(4 Suppl), 13-16. Nguyen, M. H., Chen, L. L., Lim, K. W., Chang, W. T., Mamun, K. (2015). Vaccination in Older Adults in Singapore: A Summary of Recent Literature.Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare,24(2), 94-102. Ozawa, S., Privor-Dumm, L. A., Nanni, A., Durden, E., Maiese, B. A., Nwankwo, C. U., ... Foley, K. A. (2014). Evidence-to-policy gap on hepatitis A vaccine adoption in 6 countries: Literature vs. policymakers beliefs.Vaccine,32(32), 4089-4096. Said, M. A., Johnson, H. L., Nonyane, B. A., Deloria-Knoll, M., Katherine, L. O., AGEDD Adult Pneumococcal Burden Study Team. (2013). Estimating the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic techniques.PloS one,8(4), e60273. SteelFisher, G. K., Blendon, R. J., Kang, M., Ward, J. R., Kahn, E. B., Maddox, K. E., ... Ben?Porath, E. N. (2015). Adoption of preventive behaviors in response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic: a multiethnic perspective.Influenza and other respiratory viruses,9(3), 131-142. Tan, K., Wijaya, L., Chiew, H. J., Sitoh, Y. Y., Shafi, H., Chen, R., ... Lim, T. (2016). An outbreak of Group B Streptococcal CNS infection in Singapore: unusual clinical and MRI findings (P1. 330).Neurology,86(16 Supplement), P1-330. Thein, T. L., Leo, Y. S., Fisher, D. A., Low, J. G., Oh, H. M., Gan, V. C., ... Lye, D. C. (2013). Risk factors for fatality among confirmed adult dengue inpatients in Singapore: a matched case-control study.PloS one,8(11), e81060. Tomczyk, S., Bennett, N. M., Stoecker, C., Gierke, R., Moore, M. R., Whitney, C. G., ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged 65 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep,63(37), 822-5.